School Library Essay Example for Free

School Library Essay Library can be define as a collection of books and other literacy materials kept for reading, research, study and consultation. A library is a collection of information, sources, resources and services, organized for used and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individuals. In the more traditional sense, the library means a collection of book. It supports the teaching, learning and research for the user who is comes to the library. The library has three types of library such as National Library, Academic Library, School Library, Special Library, Digital Library, Mobile Library and others. For each library have their function. The function of library such as to analyze, describe, preserve and make available for use it collection of material intended in subsection. The activities will involve in library such as purchase, give and exchange, donation and others. The activities that are produce in library will give the advantages for the user. Library also provides the several of collection such as encyclopedia, journal, book, magazine, and so on. The library are most important place that can be use to search the information. The library emphasizes instruction, reference services, on site and remote access to information in print and electronic formats, development of information literacy, and management of collections. The library provides resources and support for the Universitys major functions such teaching, research, scholarship, creative activity, and community service. 2. 0 MISSION The Library supports the academic programs through instruction, collections, technology and services which enable students and faculty to access recorded knowledge and information resources. This support empowers our constituencies to develop the information and technological competencies necessary to achieve their educational, research and professional goals; succeed in the workforce; apply lifelong learning skills and participate in a diverse society. 3. 0 VISSION To achieve a world class library status, catalyst to scholarship and excellence to the University’s teaching, learning and research attainable through physical and virtual means. 4. 0OBJECTIVE * 100% support the learning, teaching, researching and knowledge development programs. * Making the library well establish in services aspect, different of collection, latest technology and updated information. * To generate the workers to be skillful, responsible, commitment, motivated, ethics, proactive, brilliant, and well educated. * Building appropriate and comprehensive collection that are properly housed, controlled and effectively used. * Make library as a excellent information centre from services aspect, collection diversity, latest technology and information source and steady. * Create trained work force, having various skill, ethical high, proactive and team spirit through training, education continuously and increase in career. * Provide space for customer convenience, staff, and material and equipment placement. 5. 0FUNCTION * To build up as complete a collection of material emanating from or relating to country as appropriate. * To analyze, describe, preserve and make available for use its collection of the material intended in subsection. * To render bibliographic services and serve as the national bibliographic agency. * To serve as the national centre for the conservation and appreciation of its collection of the material intended in subsection. 6. 0ACTIVITIES * Purchase * Donation * Give and exchange 6. 1Purchase Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the enterprise. Though there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between organizations. A grip applied manually or mechanically to move something or prevent it from slipping. The library facilitates the acquisition of bibliographic materials for the official use of and retention of officers and staff of the MRB by purchase of information materials (book, journals and e-journals, articles, audio-visual materials, etc. ) for official purposes only. The library also facilitates interlibrary loan among local libraries for information materials not available in its collection. 6. 1. 1Book and Journal Purchase Send suggestions to the Chief Librarian, or submit â€Å"Requisition forms† which are available in the library. Please take note that book orders may take 3 – 4 months to fulfill (from time of order to processing). 6. 1. 2 Document Delivery (Article purchase) Document delivery and interlibrary borrowing services are available without charge to research officers. However, officers are requested to check the Library catalogue (OPAC) as to whether the information material required is already available (in the MRB Library) before sending in requests. Requests may be sent by email or the normal requisition forms. 6. 2Give and exchange Give and exchange service is provided by the library to various institutions within the country and abroad. At the moment exchange partners in the country have reached about 65 institutions including academic library, school library and government library. 6. 3 Donation Donations of funds are always welcome, and may range from a simple cash gift to various forms of planned or deferred giving such as endowments, annuities, and bequests. Donations of books, journals, and other materials broaden our collections, enable us to meet the demand for multiple copies of heavily used titles, and also help us replace lost or damaged copies. Your donation might include: * Books on any or all subjects * Manuscripts, letters, and diaries. * Music recordings and scores * Videos and films * Photographs * Maps * Subscriptions to electronic resources All donation offers receive serious consideration by the Library. Donations of material are accepted with the understanding that the University becomes the sole owner, and reserves the ultimate right to determine retention, location, level of cataloguing, access, and other considerations related to its use or disposition. 7. 0LEGISLATION Legislation means the act or process of making a law or laws. Legislation is important in the library to make sure the patrons follow the rules in the library. There is the legislation in the library such as: * Conduct prejudicial to the proper use of the library is forbidden. * Silence shall be observed in the public areas of the library. Hand phones and pagers should be switched to silent mode before entering the library. * Eating, drinking and smoking are strictly prohibited in the library. * Southern College identification cards are non-transferable. * Bags, briefcases, helmets, umbrellas etc. are not allowed in the library. It should be kept in the locker room. * Reservation of a seat is not permitted. * All users are required to be properly attired as specified by the college. The library reserves the right to ask users, who are not suitably dressed to leave library. * Final year students who fail to clear and fines or return materials borrowed from the library on completion of their courses will have their certificate suspended. * Staffs who have applied resigned will have their library privileges terminated, since 2 weeks before their last working day. If they fail to return materials borrowed from the library, their salary will be suspended. * The library bears no responsibility for any loss of personal belongings or properties on its premises. * All library materials must be kept clean. Making, defacing or multiplying library materials is an offence. * No littering in the library. * All users are encouraged to check their library record in Library Online regularly. * The library reserves the right to amend their rules from time to time. 8. 0COLLECTION The Library has a multilingual and multi-format collection that is related to the academic and research programs of AMDI. Materials in the collection are classified according to the Library of Congress Classification Scheme. Presently the collection is categorized as follows: 8. 1Open Shelf Collection. A large proportion of the books in the collection is on Medicine and its related fields. These books are classified according to the National Library of Medicine Classification System and books in other disciplines are classified according to LC. Books on the shelves are arranged according to the assigned Call Numbers. As of today, the collection consists of 7,000 copies and can be loan out by eligible patrons. 8. 2 Fiction Collection The Fiction Collection consists of light reading material and story books in BM and English. The books are arranged on special shelves according to the authors shorten name. The loan limit is 2 copies and duration is according to the loan privileges of the patron. 8. 3Reference Collection This collection consists of reference material such as bibliographies, directories, encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc. Materials in this collection are marked with a letter r in the call number. This collection is only for reference use within the library. 8. 4Brochures The collection consists of small books and brochures that are less than 50 pages. These materials are placed at the Loan Counter. Use of the material is limited within the library. 8. 5Serials. This collection consists of Current Journals, Bound Journals, Serials Monograph, Annual Reports and all other serials publications and magazines in electronic format (CDROM and online). The use of such materials is limited within the library except for Serials Monograph which can be loan out. Patrons are allowed to photocopy articles that are in this collection. However, photocopying of materials is subject to the Copyright Act 1987. a) Current Journal Collection Current Journal Collection consists of current subscribed publications that are arranged according to journal title. Current issues are displayed at the shelves and back issues are arranged and placed on top of the shelves. b)Bound Journals Back issues of journals with complete issues are bound and arranged on a separate shelf. The arrangement is in alphabetical order according to the journal title. As of today the Library has 1,520 journal titles (27,000 copies) comprising subscribed journals, serials monograph, annual reports and others. c) Electronic Journal Collection Some journal titles are in CD-ROM or via online. The collection consists of 1,200 full text titles. The materials in this collection can only be access within the Library. Printing or transferring of information to diskette is allowed. A minimum charge will imposed for this purpose. Certain titles can be access online. For further information, please contact the Document and Serials Publication Unit at extension 3469 or 3471. 8. 6 Control Access Collection The Controlled Access Collection is made up of materials that are heavily used. Theses, research reports, training collections, pictorial collections, examination questions, official publications and small size publications are placed in this collection. This collection can only be used within the Library. All materials are searchable through the online catalog by author, title or subject heading. 9. 0TYPES OF LIBRARY There are six types of library * National library * Academic library * Special library * School library * Digital library * Mobile Library 9. 1National Library A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in the same country. Some states which are not independent, but who wish to preserve their particular culture, have established a national library with all the attributes of such institutions, such as legal deposit. Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfil their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library. This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). 9. 2Academic Library An academic library is a library which serves an institution of higher learning, such as a college or university libraries in secondary and primary schools are called school libraries. These libraries serve two complementary purposes: to support the schools curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students. The support of teaching requires material for class readings, and for student papers. In the past, the material for class readings, intended to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has been called reserves. In the period before electronic resources became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Traditionally, one copy of a book was made available for each 10 students — this is practical for large classes only if paperback copies are available, and the books reused from term to term. Academic libraries must decide what focus they take in collecting materials since no single library can supply everything. When there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries these are often referred to as niche collections. These collections are often the basis of a special collection department and may include original papers, artwork, and artifacts written or created by a single author or about a specific subject. 9. 3Special Library A special library is a term for a library that is neither an academic nor school library, nor a public library. Special libraries may include law libraries, news libraries, government libraries, corporate libraries, museum libraries, and medical libraries. Special libraries are also sometimes known as information centers. Special libraries often have a more specific clientele than libraries in traditional educational or public settings, and deal with only a specialized or particular type of information. They are developed to support the mission of their sponsoring organization and their collections and services are more targeted and specific to the needs of their clientele. 9. 4School Library A school library or school libraries media center is library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public or school have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library media center is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access to books and reading, to information, and to information technology. A school library media center a use all types of media is automated, and utilizes the Internet as well as books for information gathering. School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as learner-oriented laboratories which support, extend, and individualize the schools curriculum. A school library serves as the center and coordinating agency for all material used in the school. 9. 5Digital Library A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats as opposed to print, microform, or other media and accessible by computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system. 9. 6Mobile Library A bookmobile or mobile library is a large vehicle designed for use as a library. They are designed to hold books on shelves so that when the vehicle is parked the books can be accessed by readers. They usually have sufficient space that people can also sit and read books inside them. Mobile libraries are often used to provide library services to villages and city suburbs without library buildings. They also service those who have difficulty accessing libraries, with retirement homes being common stops. They may also carry other information or computer equipment, such as might be found in a library. Some libraries also use their bookmobiles to deliver materials, such as audio books and large print novels, to homebound patrons who dont have anyone to go to the library for them. 10. 0PROFESSION * Chief Librarian * Library Director * Senior Librarian * Librarian * Cataloger * Indexer 10. 1Chief Librarian The Chief Librarian shall, on appointment, provide the staff member with a written position description which sets out the general responsibilities of the position held by the staff member. The Supervisor shall assign the specific duties of the staff member, bearing in mind the position description. The supervisor shall also determine, at least annually, performance expectations which shall be appended to the position description. The Chief Librarian may revise the staff members position description following consultation with the incumbent and, if requested by the incumbent, with the Association. The revision shall take into account the qualifications and experience of the incumbent. The Chief Librarian may transfer a staff member to a different position in the University Library and, if so, shall provide the staff member with the position description for the new position. Prior to such transfer, the Chief Librarian shall consult with the incumbent and, if requested by the incumbent, with the Association. 10. 2Library Director Plan and manage all aspects of library operations: budget, personnel, services, program planning, development and assessment, facilities and equipment. Implement university vision through long-range planning. Plan and implement new and enhanced user-services, including information literacy and remote access for populations at off-campus instructional locations. Create library policies in collaboration with library faculty members. Coordinate collection development and management of library collections Collaborate with Office of Information Technology on integration of emerging technologies and provision of electronic resources to the university community. Lead in an open and collaborative manner. Integrate the core values of respect, compassion, integrity, justice and service in all aspects of interaction. 10. 3Senior Librarian Under direction, to supervise and perform a full range of professional services in a major functional area within the library, and to do related work as required. Supervises children’s section of the library; selects books and other media for children and young adults; plans and presents programs, story hours, puppet shows and book talks; teaches children the use of library tools; advises parents on use of library facilities; establishes communication with teachers; reads book reviews and compiles bibliographies; gathers statistics and prepares report; reads relevant literature and reviews; supervises pages; attends and participates in professional meetings. Supervises cataloging of books and other library materials; does original cataloging as required; supervises book process; plans, supervises and reviews the work of cataloging clerk, book processor, and mender; works with other professionals in maintenance of collection and completeness of catalog; compiles monthly and yearly statistical reports; occasionally works at the reference desk; attends and participates in professional meetings; reads relevant literature. 10. 4Librarian. A librarian is an information professional trained in library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials for those with information needs. Typically, librarians work in a public or college library, an elementary or secondary school media center, a library within a business or company, or another information-provision agency like a hospital or law firm. Some librarians are independent entrepreneurs working as information specialists, catalogers, indexers and other professional, specialized capacities. Librarians may be categorized as a public, school, correctional, special, independent or academic librarian. 10. 5Cataloger The cataloger is responsible for original cataloging of monographs and other formats in Slavic and other European languages in all subjects. The Library is a member of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging, and descriptive cataloging is performed in accordance with national standards. Subject analysis and classification assignment follow Library of Congress standards and local practice. Authority records follow NACO standards and are contributed to the national authority file. The cataloger also investigates and participates in implementation of solutions for providing bibliographic control for all types of resources including electronic resources. In addition to cataloging traditional materials and in support of the Catalog Department’s endeavor to integrate bibliographical control for digital resources, the cataloger may participate in activities to implement non-MARC descriptive standards and contribute to the development of new metadata services for the Library’s growing collection of digital resources. The cataloger collaborates with other catalogers and Library staff to establish and maintain local policies and procedures for bibliographic and metadata services, projects, and other activities that affect the library’s integrated library system, search engines, and overall access to the collections. He/she keeps abreast of the current trends and best practices for bibliographic and metadata services in the field. The cataloger also serves on library committees, participates in library-wide programs and activities, and is expected to be active professionally. 10. 6Indexer Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, physics and computer science. An alternate name for the process in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet is Web indexing. Popular engines focus on the full-text indexing of online, natural language documents. Media types such as video and audio and graphics are also searchable. Meta search engines reuse the indices of other services and do not store a local index, whereas cache-based search engines permanently store the index along with the corpus. Unlike full-text indices, partial-text services restrict the depth indexed to reduce index size. Larger services typically perform indexing at a predetermined time interval due to the required time and processing costs, while agent based search engines index in real time. 11. 0CONCLUSION.

Privacy in work :: essays research papers

The Privacy of the individual is the most important right. It supports human dignity and other values such as freedom of association and freedom of speech. It has become one of the most important human rights of the modern age. Privacy is recognized around the world in various regions and cultures. Almost every country in the world includes a right of privacy in its constitution. Without privacy, the democratic system that we know would not exist. According to the Australian Privacy Charter â€Å"A free and democratic society requires respect for the autonomy of individuals, and limits on the power of both state and private organizations to intrude on that autonomy. The government we have today maintains and organizes our society. The elements of control are often viewed as violations of privacy. These elements are meant to protect us from irresponsible people and from hurting themselves. The laws that are in place still give privacy without invading personal lives or maybe they do invade in our lives? For some people violating into their personal life doesn’t mean anything but for other people it’s a huge problem. â€Å"Privacy is only violated when people feel they are being violated† â€Å"If people feel comfortable in their environment then privacy is not a worry† Privacy in the workplace is also becoming a problem. In American, more and more employers are monitoring their workers at job. In fact, according to the American Management Association, nearly tree quarters of U.S. companies now electronically monitor employees in several ways. Your employer can monitor your Internet usage, what sites you visit, how often, and for how long, as with e-mail. Telephone can also be a threat. If you are on the phone at work, your boss can listen in; your voice mail is also subject to monitoring. Employers own the phone system, so they can generally monitor it as they see well. Your boss can keep a record of the numbers you dial and how long you talk, and can listen to your voice mail messages, although there are some laws preventing companies from listening to employees personal calls. Furthermore Privacy can be divided into the following separate but related concepts: First of all we have the information Privacy or Data protection, which involves the establishment of rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as credit information, and medical and government records. The second one is the Bodily privacy, which concerns the protection of people's physical selves against invasive procedures such as genetic tests, drug testing and cavity searches.

Aspect Oriented Software Development

The implementation of software applications using GOAD techniques results in a better implementation structure which has an impact on many important software qualities such as enhanced risibility and reduced complexity. In turn, these software qualities lead to an improved software development lifestyle and, hence, to better software. This report introduces to management and software development staff to the concepts of aspect- orientation software development.It presents why aspect-orientation is needed in modern software development and what its contributions are to the improvement of software design and implementation structure. The report also highlight AAA technology details though without probing much in particular, as it present the various concepts of GOAD. After reading this introduction, the reader will understand what GOAD is about, know its key concepts and terminology engaged to elaborate 2. Introduction As software systems becomes more complex developers use new technol ogies to help manage development. The development of large and complex software applications is a challenging task. Apart from the enormous complexity of the software's desired functionality, software engineers are also faced with many other acquirement that are specific to the software development lifestyle. Requirements such as risibility, robustness, performance, believability, etc. Re requirements about the design and the implementation of the software itself, rather than about its functionality. Nevertheless, these non-functional requirements cannot be neglected because they contribute to the overall software quality, which is eventually perceived by the users of the software application. For example, a better believability will ensure that future maintenance tasks to the implementation can be carried out relatively easily and consequently also with fewer errors.Building software applications that adhere to all these functional and non-functional requirements is an ever more co mplex activity that requires appropriate programming languages and development paradigms to adequately address all these requirements throughout the entire software development lifestyle. To cope with this ever-growing complexity of software development, computer science has experienced a continuous evolution of development paradigms and programming languages. In the early days, software was directly implemented in machine-level assembly languages, leading to highly omelet implementations for even simple software applications.The introduction of the procedural and functional programming paradigms provided software engineers with abstraction mechanisms to improve the design and implementation structure of the software and reduce its overall complexity. An essential element of these paradigms is the ability to structure the software in separate but cooperating modules (e. G. Procedures, functions, etc. ). The intention is that each of these modules represents or implements a well-iden tified subpart of the software, which renders the individual modules better reusable and evolvable.Modern software development often takes place in the object-oriented programming paradigm that allows to further enhance the software's design and implementation structure through appropriate object-oriented modeling techniques and language features such as inheritance, delegation, encapsulation and polymorphism. Aspect-oriented programming languages and the entire aspect-orientation paradigm are a next step in this ever continuing evolution of programming languages and development paradigms to enhance software development and hence, improve overall software quality 3. 0Fundamental ideas underlying aspects and aspect-oriented software development The notion behind aspects is to deal with the issue of tangling and scattering. According to Ian Somerville (2009), tangling occurs when a module in a system includes code that implements different system requirements and scattering occurs whe n implementation of a single concern (logical requirement or set of requirements) is scattered across several components in a program. 3. 1 What an Aspect is. Aspect is an abstraction which implements a concern. Aspects are completely specification of where it should be executed.Unlike other abstractions like methods, you cannot tell by examining methods where it will be called from because there is clear separation between the definition and of the abstraction and its use. With Aspects, includes a statement that defines where the aspect will be woven into the program. This statement is known as a pinpoint. Below is an example of a pinpoint (Ian Somerville, 2006) before: call (public void update* (.. )) This implies that before the execution of many method whose starts with update, followed by any other sequence of characters, the code in the aspect after the induct definition should be executed.The wildcat (*) matches any string characters that are allowed in the identifiers. The c ode to be executed is known as the advice and is implementation of the cross-cutting concern. In an example below of an aspect authentication (let's say for every change of attributes in a payroll system requires authentication), the advice gets a password from person requesting the change and checks that it matches the password of currently logged -in user. If not user is logged out and update does not proceed. Aspect authentication before: call (public void update* (.. // this is a pinpoint { // this is the advice that should be executed when woven into // the executing system into tries = O; string swearword = Password. Get ( tries ) ; while (tries Pinpoint: defines specific program events with which advice should be associated (I. E. , woven into a program at appropriate Join points) Events may be method calls/ returns, accessing data, exceptions, etc. Weaving: incorporation of advice code into the program (via source code preprocessing, link-time weaving, or execution time weav ing) 4. 0 Why Separation of Concerns a good guiding principle for Software Development Separation of concerns is a key principle of software design and implementation. Concerns reflect the system requirements and the priorities of the system stakeholders.Some examples of concerns are performance, security, specific categorized in several types. Functional concerns, quality of service concerns, Policy concerns, System concerns and Organizational concerns. Functional: related to specific functionality to be included in a system. Quality of service: related to the nonfunctional behavior of a system (e. G. , performance, reliability, availability). System: related to attributes of the system as a whole (e. G. , maintainability, configurability). Organizational: related to organizational goals and priorities (e. G. , staying within budget, using existing software assets).In other areas concerns has been categorized according to different areas of interest or properties I. E. High level i mplies security and quality of service, Caching and buffering are Low level while Functional includes features, business rules and Non Functional (systematic) implies synchronization, transaction management. By reflecting the separation of concerns in a program, there is clear traceability from requirements to implementation. The principle of separation of concerns states that software should be organized so that each program element does one thing and one thing only.In this case it means each aerogram element should therefore be understandable without reference to other elements. Program abstractions (subroutines, procedures, objects, etc) support the separation of concerns. Core concerns relate to a system's primary purpose and are normally localized within separate procedures, objects, etc. And other concerns tend to scatter and cross multiple elements. These cross-cutting concerns are managed by aspect since they cannot be localized resulting in problems when changes are require d due to tangling and scattering.Separation of concerns provides modular dependency between aspects and components. For instance we would like to maintain a system that manages payroll and personnel functions in our organization, and there is a new requirement to create a log of all changes to an employee's data by management. It would mean that changes will include in payroll, number of deduction, raises, employee's personal data and sass of many other information associated with employee. This implies that there are several codes that will require changes.This process could be tedious and you might end up forgetting changing other codes as well even not understanding each and every code. With aspects you old deal with a particular element only. In this case there won't be redundancy of multiple codes doing the same thing. An update function could be implemented that would be called whenever you would want to implement a particular method. 5. 0 Aspect-oriented Approach 5. 1 Require ment Engineering In requirements engineering there is need to identify requirements for the core system and the requirements for the system extensions.Viewpoints are a way to separate the concerns of different stakeholders that are core and secondary concerns. Each viewpoint represents the requirements of related groups of stakeholder. The requirements are organized according to stakeholder viewpoint then they are analyses to discover related requirements that appear in all or most viewpoints. These represent the core functionality of the system. There could be other viewpoint requirements that are specific to that viewpoint these then can be implemented as extensions to the core functionality.These requirements (secondary functional requirements) often reflect the needs of that viewpoint and may not share there are non-functional requirements that are cross-cutting concerns. These generate requirements of to some or all viewpoint for instance requirements for security, performance and cost. 5. 2 Software Design Aspect Oriented Design is the process of designing a system that makes use of aspects to implement the cross-cutting concerns and extensions that are identified during the requirements engineering process.ADD focuses on the explicit representation of cross-cutting concerns using adequate design languages. ADD languages consist of some way to specify aspects, how aspects are to be composed and a set of well-defined composition semantics to describe the details of how aspects are to be integrated. (Chitchat, Awls Rashes, Pete Sawyer, Alexandra Garcia, Monica Pinto Larson, Jotter Beaker, Bedim Ticonderoga, Skibobs Clarke, Andrew Jackson, 2005) Like in object orientation, several aspect-oriented extensions to ML design language to represent aspect-oriented concepts at the design level.One of these ML extensions is ATOM. ADD in ML requires a means of modeling aspects using ML stereotypes. Is an approach of specifying the Join points where the aspect advice is to be composed with the core system. The high-level statement of requirements provides a basis for identifying some system extensions that may be implemented as aspects. Developing these in more details to identify further extensions and understanding the functionality required is to identify a set of use cases associated with each viewpoint. Each use case represents an aspect.Extension use cases naturally fit the core and extensions architectural model of system. Jacobsen and Eng (2004)) 5. 2. 1 Aspect-oriented Design Process Below is fugue 1 that illustrate the design activities of generic aspect-oriented design process Core system design is where you design the system architecture to support the core functionality of the system. Aspect identification and design Starting with the extensions identified in the system requirements, you should analyses these to see if they are aspects in themselves or if they should be broken down into several aspects.Composition design At this sta ge, you analyses the core system and aspect designs to discover where the aspects should be composed with the core system. Essentially, you are identifying the Joint points in a program at which aspects will be woven Conflict analysis and resolution Conflicts occur when there is a pinpoint clash with different aspects specifying that they should be composed at the same point in the aerogram Name design is the essential to avoid the problem of accidental pinpoints.These occur when, at some program Join point, the name accidentally matches that in a pinpoint pattern. The advice is therefore unintentionally applied at that point. 5. 3 Programming The goal of aspect-oriented programming is to provide an advance modularization scheme to separate the core functionality of software system from system-wide concerns that cut across the implementation of this core functionality. (Kim Mess and Tom Tour ©, 2007) APP must address both what the programmer can say and owe the computer system wil l realize the program in a program system.APP system: mechanisms are conceptually straight forward and have efficient implementations. 5. 3. 1 Joint Point Model A Join point model defines the kinds of Join points available and how they are accessed and used. They are specific to each aspect-oriented programming language for instance Aspects. In Aspects, Joint point are defined by grouping them into pinpoints. 5. 3. 2 Pinpoint A pinpoint is a predicate that matches Join points. A pinpoint is a relationship ‘Join point Boolean', where the domain of the relationship is all possible Join points. 3. 3 Advice 5. 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of APP APP promotes clear design and risibility by enforcing the principles of abstraction and separation of concerns. APP explicitly promotes separation of concerns, unlike earlier development paradigms. This separation of concerns provides cleaner assignment of responsibilities, higher modularization and easier system evolution, and should th us lead to software systems which are easier to maintain. The process is to collect scattered concerns into compact structure units, namely the aspects.On the other hand, APP cannot be elegantly applied to every possible situation. . 0 Validation and verification Validation and Verification is the process of demonstrating that a program meets the real needs of its stakeholders and meets its specification. Validation or testing is used to discover defects in the program or to demonstrate that the program meets its requirements. Statement verification techniques focus on manual or automated analysis of the source code. Like any other systems, aspects-oriented systems can be tested as black-boxes using the specification to derive the tests.However, program source code is problematic. Aspects also introduce additional testing (Ian Somerville (2006)) 6. 1 Testing problems with aspects To inspect a program in a conventional language effectively, you should be able to read it from right to left and top to bottom. Aspects make this as the program is a web rather than a sequential document. One can't tell from the source code where an aspect will be woven and executed. Flattening an aspect-oriented program for reading is practically impossible 6. Challenges with Aspect-oriented Systems One of the limitations of APP is that it is not supported by default on any programming platform. Although it seems to be gaining popularity, its implementation has been undertaken by third parties as extensions to development framework. This has resulted in some level of disparity on the features being implemented as some of the implementations only implement specific features making it difficult to use such frameworks in some situations in addition to creating some confusion over the feature.AAA programs can be â€Å"black-box tested† using requirements to design the tests, but program inspections and â€Å"white-box testing† can be problematic, since you can't always tel l from the source code alone where an aspect will be woven and executed. 7. 0 Recommendations Adopting Aspect Oriented Software development will reduce repetitions of coding or Component maintenance and reuse has a great impact to the company. On the part of cost, the company can determine whether it is easy to maintain its systems or not.Using other development paradigm can be cumbersome hence increasing tangling and scattering. System performance will also be affected in such a way that there could be more codes doing the same thing. GOAD concepts reduce redundancy and increase system performance. All functional and non-functional concerns are dealt with in GOAD. On implementation of security, Design flaws and code errors or bugs old be some of the causes of security flaws in software. Unlike SOD, GOAD approach made Software Development easy with the separation of concerns leading to modularization in reuse.

Organizational Behaviour a Look at Ge - 2236 Words

Organizational Behavior: A look at General Electric In the history of corporations few companies have demonstrated the staying power and tenacity as General Electric (GE.). Of the companies that originally appeared when the Dow Jones Industrial Average was rolled out in 1896 only GE is still doing business today. (General Electric, 2007) GE’s 125 year run has not been spotless. GE, like any long lasting organization, has had many ups and downs. GE’s past has at times been glorious and at other times has been dark and manipulative. â€Å"GE traces its beginnings to Thomas A. Edison, who established Edison Electric Light Company in 1878. In 1892, a merger of Edison General Electric Company and Thomson-Huston Electric Company created General†¦show more content†¦The fundamental problem could have been summed up by the idea of trying to squeeze orange juice from the rind. Individual employees and managers could not keep up and the company was quickly digging a deeper hole. By 1988 the problem could no longer be ignored. Jim Baughman, the head of GE’s management development center was charged with the task of correcting the problem. â€Å"In a memorable conversation, Welch and Baughman said to each other, ‘Let’s find a way to get work out of the system.’† (Ashkenas, 2002) The innovative system seemed clear: Teams. Teams would help to reduce the individual work load and get work through the system. The new team approach was aptly named, â€Å"Work-Out.† The â€Å"Work-Out† team approach created by Welch and Baughman utilizes small cross-functional teams that investigate problems. The teams generate ideas and solutions that are presented to the decision makers in an informal â€Å"town meeting† The informal nature of Welch and Baughman’s team approach was created with the clever notion that GE should be run not like a huge conglomerate, but rather like a small company. The vision (which is still being pursued by GE today) was to create a team environment that was not restricted by departments, business units or company leadership. By the mid-1990s it was clear that the â€Å"Work-Out† system was having a profound positive impact on GE. Teams, innovating and working without traditional limitations was saving the company.Show MoreRelatedGe’s Two Decade Transformation: Jack Welsh’s Leadershipge’s Two Decade Transformation: Jack Welsh’s Leadership1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction GE was founded in 1878. It has grown multi folds since the time of inception. It has been named as â€Å"Most Admired Company in Us† and â€Å"Most Admired Company in the World†. It has companies in the field of electricity production, electric appliance, lighting, aircraft engines, medical system, and diesel locomotives. GE has 43 independent SBU (Strategic Business Unit). Despite all these variations available there was steadfast growth in the company. 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