Report on Lease Financing

[pic] Course code: F-201 Course title: Financial bookkeeping - 2 Submitted to: Tahmina Akter Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted by: Name | |Roll | |Section | |Md. Mostafa Kamal | |16-058 | |B | |Md. Sakib Bin Abdul Hannan | |16-096 | |B | |Md. Mehdi Hasan | |16-112 | |B | |Parvaj Mosaraf | |16-140 | |B | |Belal Hossain | |15-132 | |B | BBA sixteenth Batch Department of Finance University of Dhaka Date of Submission: 26-05-2011 Letter of Transmittal Date: 26th May, 2011. To Tahmina Akter Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of report â€Å"A Report on Lease Financing†. Dear Madam, We are satisfied to present the report you have doled out to us. The report paper was to set up the research paper on the course named â€Å"Financial Accounting-2† Course # F â€201, as a piece of our scholastic exercises. This is the report on â€Å"A Report on Lease Financing†. The report surveys that how renting organization leases hardware. What's more, we have centered a particular rent understanding of United Leasing Company with Delta Pharma Limited to have the genuine experience. We attempted our best to set up this report a shortcoming free, however it is preposterous. We trust that you will take any mix-up with kind thought. Much obliged to you. Genuinely Mostafa Kamal (for the gathering ) Contents Acknowledgment This report entitled â€Å"A Report on Lease Financing† is submitted as the necessity of a piece of the investigation of â€Å"Financial Accounting-2† in the BBA program directed by Department of Finance, University of Dhaka. To set up this report a concentrated investigation was made covering different wordings with the assistance of books named â€Å"Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso and Weygandt†. From the start we need to pay our appreciation to all forceful Allah for setting up the report effectively. We are amazingly appreciative to our fair course educator Tahmina Akter, speaker, Department of Finance, University of Dhaka for her meticulous direction, recommendation and all sort of help and oversight to set up this report. She ceaselessly helped us for the planning to remember this report paper lastly gave an out-line to record the paper investing her important energy. Without her untiring endeavors, culmination of this report paper would have been inconceivable. We like to express gratefulness particularly to our companions and numerous people, for their energetic consolations and aides during the planning of this report us by sharing thoughts with respect to this subject and for their help with composing and editing this original copy. Official Summary Lease financing is the most significant issue that decides the course of money related conduct in an association, a budgetary degree of exertion, and the organization’s level of perseverance even with obstructions of different kinds of financing. Presently a-days rent financing is the most accentuated theme to any moving establishment or association to build up their monetary assets just as benefit amplification or boost of owner’s value. Rent financing is so integral to the executives since it clarifies why it is better for the association to assemble monetarily dissolvability by rent financing. By rent financing an association can arrive at its particular goal. On the off chance that an association has powerful rent financing productivity it can endure and grow rapidly than others. From the outset an association considers rent financing and other financing agreeably with each other then it takes choice to apply rent financing or other financing whichever is ideal. On the off chance that other financing is the best than the rent financing, at that point it will be chosen, not rent financing. So from this remark it will be evident that rent financing must be chosen it isn't vital. So which is the best is extensive issue. Foundation of the Report As a Part of Financial Accounting-2 course, we have arranged this report. Our course instructor, Tahmina Akter, taught us to set up a report on â€Å"Lease Financing†. We have made a point by point and basic investigation on the subject All the five individuals from our gathering gave their genuineness and genuine exertion to set up this research project and the research paper submitted today †26th May, 2011. Goal of the Report The fundamental goal of our research project is to show the rent understanding of a renting organization. We have learn about favorable position of renting, different highlights of renting yet while setting up this report we have seen how renting is significant for organization. Technique and wellsprings of data The research project is composed by utilizing auxiliary assets. To set up this research paper I have taken the assistance of various books, PC lab of business personnel of college of Dhaka. In this research project I arranged data quickly and to gather data we went to PC lab and focal library of Dhaka University. Other than I have likewise gathered data through various sources, for example, The Daily Star and other every day news papers, diaries and so on. Presentation A rent is an agreement whereby the proprietor of an advantage (the lessor) awards to another gathering (the renter) the selective option to utilize the benefit as an end-result of the installment of lease. Rent financing in Bangladesh implies financing as indicated by the techniques for rent in Bangladesh. Now and then it is more satisfactory than others financing. All things considered it is progressively beneficial in some extraordinary areas where other financing will be less gainful than rent financing. The majority of us know about rent of lofts, vehicles, and phones. Bangladesh is a creating nation, so rent financing isn't exceptionally simple to apply here. Disregarding these issues there are numerous divisions where rent financing is carefully applied. The key contrast between a fund rent and a working lease is whether the lessor (the lawful proprietor who rents out the advantages) or tenant (who utilizes the benefit) assumes the dangers of responsibility for rented resources. The arrangement of a rent (as a working or money rent) additionally influences how it is accounted for in the records. The grouping of enormous exchanges, for example, deal and leasebacks of property, may significantly affect the records and on proportions of money related solidness, for example, equipping. Notwithstanding, it merits recalling that an improvement in money related outfitting might be counterbalanced by a declining of operational equipping and the other way around. Renting: A rent is a legally binding understanding between two gatherings setting up a course of action for the utilization of an advantage as an end-result of intermittent installments by the client. In a rent game plan: ? The lessor is the advantage proprietor, who gets the intermittent installments. ? The rent makes the installments to the lessor as an end-result of utilizing the advantage. Sorts of leases: All leases can be arranged comprehensively as either working or money related leases. Thus, money related leases can be ordered into explicit sorts. We will talk about the different sorts of leases beneath. Working leases: A working lease is a present moment, cancelable rent. A straightforward case of a working or administration rent is a rent for telephone utility. Money related leases: A money related rent is regularly a long haul, no cancelable rent something contrary to a working lease. At the end of the rent contract, the tenant frequently can either reestablish the rent or buy the benefit. Highlights of working leases: 1. The rent is cancelable by the renter before its lapse. 2. The lessor offers support, upkeep, and protection. 3. The whole of all the rent installments by the lesee doesn't really completely accommodate the recuperation of the asset’s cost. Highlights of money related leases: 1. The rent isn't cancelable by the renter preceding its termination date. 2. The resident is normally liable for administration, support, and protection for the advantage. 3. The advantage is completely amortized over the life of the rent. Monetary leases can be separated into two fundamental structures: 1. Direct rent: In the clear course of action, the firm rents a benefit it didn't already possess. The firm at the same time consents to the rent arrangement with the lessor and requests the gear from the maker. The lessor pays for the gear, which is sent to the firm. The firm makes rent installments to the lessor dependent on a rent understanding worked out by the two gatherings. In the event that the immediate rent is from the producer, at that point the maker and the lessor are indeed the very same. 2. Deal and leaseback: In this course of action the firm sells a benefit it as of now possesses and afterward rents a similar resource from the purchaser. Rent installments are set to restore the full price tag in addition to a pace of return esteemed sensible. The preferred position to the renter is that it permits the firm to keep utilizing the benefit while giving money that can be utilized somewhere else. It has gotten progressively increasingly regular as of late for organizations to rent hardware. Each renting understanding should be perused cautiously to comprehend the terms and conditions inside said rent. Regularly a rent can run somewhere in the range of one to five years. Most gear vital in business organizations today, including specialized hardware, can be rented. A few leases give an alternative to then buy the gear at significantly less cash when toward the finish of the term of the rent. By renting gear, whenever organized appropriately, you can keep up your acknowledge accessibility, as the rent obligation doesn't need to be viewed as an immediate risk on your fiscal reports. This is worthwhile, as it doesn't restrict your capacity to obtain from loaning sources. Focal points of rent financing: ? It offers fixed rate financing; you pay at a similar rate month to month. ? Renting is swelling amicable. As the expenses go up more than five years, you despite everything pay a similar rate as when you started the rent, accordingly making your dollar stretch farther. (What's more, the rent isn't associated with t

Zen Buddhism and Oneida community

List of chapters Introduction Oneida people group practices and convictions Zen Buddhism practices and convictions Comparison and differentiations Conclusion Introduction Various people group have risen up out of religions each with its own convictions, practices, and reason. Instances of these networks are the Zen Buddhism and Oneida people group. These two networks share certain convictions and contrast in others. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on Zen Buddhism and Oneida people group explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zen people group and Oneida people group were shaped with the target of making a network where individuals would live on earth without anguish. The organizers of these two networks set up the reason for affliction, and afterward discovered methods of disposing of it. Oneida people group practices and convictions The Oneida people group was built up by John Humphrey Noyes for the sake of â€Å"free love.† Love was communicate d through sexuality. Noyes was against the ordinary marriage in light of two reasons, marriage made a lady a profitable laborer and also, it was a hindrance to genuine Christian people group as a result of the issue of remaining as couples. To understand this issue, Noyes made a technique where men would limit themselves as a strategy for anti-conception medication and individuals from Oneida people group had freedom to have sexual relations with the contrary sex. Also, monogamous marriage was not permitted. Noyes expressed that his lessons originated from the holy book. From the book of Genesis 1-3, sexuality effectively expressed love and furthermore that of amusement. In any case, after the fall, amicability between people was no more and this came about to sufferings. Because of this fall, people experienced money related battles in providing food for their families while ladies endured in conceiving an offspring. Men isolated from their spouses in such of help for their familie s. The reason for the Oneida people group was to bring back the adoration that was lost among man and spouse. Individuals filled in as a network for brief hours, consequently decreasing the weight of working. The way taken to carry on with an existence without enduring was, first, taking out transgression, disgrace, and afterward the weight of youngster birth.Advertising Looking for paper on religion philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Zen Buddhism practices and convictions The Zen people group followed Buddha’s lessons. They had numerous practices, for example, zazen, where an individual sat in reflection. Through this procedure of reflection an individual experienced amicability. During contemplation, considerations crossed the thoughts however didn't stay there. In this perspective, everything that an individual did originated from characteristic driving forces. An individual had the option to completely p ack in his activities without cooperations. Koan was another training done in Zen custom. Koan utilized an inquiry that baffled the mind of an individual. One was made to see the world in its unique structure. To comprehend a koan, one concentrated on it without thinking about it, communicating legitimately with it. The hugeness of koan was to bring the understanding that each individual was a reliant entire of the world. The motivation behind Zen practice was edification, or satori. One felt the amicability of all creatures by understanding that everything was entirety. Each living thing got significant and simultaneously priceless. This riddle was seen uniquely with cognizance instead of intelligence. Correlation and differentiations The originators of the two networks were people. The initiator of Buddhism was Shakyamuni. He was completely illuminated through reflection and opened methods of otherworldliness and freedom. The initiator of Oneida was known as John Noyes. He shaped Oneida people group for the sake of affection. They two organizers had one principle target of diminishing enduring in individuals. In spite of the fact that Zen Buddhism and Oneida people group shared regular qualities, they additionally varied in certain convictions. Buddhism put stock in no incomparable force. Besides, they didn't revere Buddha. Buddhism was not a religion of God; rather it was of shrewdness, understanding, and generosity. Oneida people group had faith in God, who was the maker of the universe. Oneida people group accepted that salvation came through admission of wrongdoing; be that as it may, Buddhists accepted that salvation and illumination came through reflection and removing of pollutions and deception. Oneida people group accepted that there God lived independently; while Buddhists accepted that Buddha was characteristic in them. The Buddha didn't focus on viewpoints, for example, the spirit, post-existence, or how the earth was shaped. Buddhists concentrat ed on the things that existed, for example, birth, maturing, demise, enduring and how they could be dispensed with from individuals. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on Zen Buddhism and Oneida people group explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lessons of Buddha were realities of presence and the best approach to opportunity; nirvana. The Oneida people group put stock in post-existence, where they expressed that the realm of paradise would come to earth. As indicated by Buddha, life was tied in with experiencing which came the wants of people, and could end through the Noble Eightfold Path. Accordingly, Buddha was neither negative nor positive about existence. Buddha sketched out ways that would free individuals from affliction. The Eightfold Path offered methods to dispose of past missteps, go without keeping any wrongs, and framing esteems for a decent resurrection. One stage in this way was to know reality consummately. This was done through kno wing the four respectable realities. Each activity was constrained by the brain. Consequently, the activities of individuals could either deliver satisfaction or languishing. The subsequent viewpoint was to have the correct expectation, at that point right discourse, right activity, right occupation, right exertion, and right care, and the eighth factor right contemplation. As indicated by John Noyes, enduring started with the fall of man in the Garden of Eden. From that time onwards, ladies endured during labor, while men needed to drudge hard to help their families. This isolated men and their spouses, and the adoration that existed before stopped. To stop this affliction, Noyes framed a network of â€Å"free love.† People filled in as one, accordingly lessening working hours. Men controlled themselves as a strategy for anti-conception medication, in this manner lessening the enduring of ladies in labor. Zen Buddhism and Oneida people group contrasted in their perspective o n birth and passing. In Buddhism, a changing type of being incited another into movement. Each great or insidiousness deed made another character with time which was acknowledged in the afterlife. For opportunity to happen significantly after death, individuals needed to carry on with an existence without wants. A freed individual encountered an endless, quiet, and perpetual state. Oneida trusted in forever which would be on earth.Advertising Searching for article on religion religious philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More End Zen people group and Oneida people group shared normal qualities and contrasted in others. Both were shaped with the expectation of lessening enduring in individuals. Buddha offered lessons to its supporters that went about as rules to a liberal life. The principle thought of these lessons was to escape from wants, which was the primary driver of sufferings. Then again, John Noyes who was the originator of Oneida people group expressed that enduring started with the fall of man in the Garden of Eden and this enduring would end through contraception and a perplexing marriage. Be that as it may, the Zen and Oneida people group contrasted in different perspectives. The Zen people group was non-theists, while Oneida people group had confidence in God. The Oneida people group followed scriptural lessons while Zen people group followed Buddha’s lessons. This exposition on Zen Buddhism and Oneida people group was composed and presented by client Juliet Forbes to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinsons and Huntin

Two Diseases, One Hope: Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Huntington's Disease (HD) are neurodegenerative ailments that are brought about by glitches inside the engine segment of the sensory system. These glitches, which are caused either by the overflow (as in HD) or nonappearance (as in PD) of hormones, are an immediate consequence of neural cell decay inside the mind. PD and HD outline two totally different personal conduct standards that are along these lines brought about by two inverse and extraordinary natural variations from the norm. However the consistent theme between the two conditions is that there are major mechanical difficulties emerging between cell associations inside the cerebrum. In this manner, it is the event of cell demise that capacities as a key connection between these two altogether different ailments. Also, it is a result of this shared characteristic, that the most questionable test treatment for PD and HD, fetal transplant medical procedure, works as a potential remedy for both thes e ailments. (18). The reason for neurodegenerative illnesses, similar to PD and HD, is essentially an account of how irregular substance connections bring about engine issues. As a rule, the cerebrum is the body's correspondence central station. It acquires a heap of data from different pieces of the tangible framework and procedures this data in a sorted out manner. It at that point transfers tactile contribution to various pieces of the engine framework. Such messages from the mind direct explicit solid and personal conduct standards. (18). Besides, there are two specific territories of the cerebrum that are explicitly identified with engine breakdowns: the substania nigra and the striatum (the caudate core and the putamen). The cells of the nigr... ...- lab.htm 11. Neural Transplantation for Huntington's Disease http://neuro-ww2.mgh.harvard.edu/hdsa/newresearch.nclk 12. Neurosurgical Horizons in the Treatment of Huntington's Disease http://www.lib.uchicago.edu//~rd13/hd/horizons.html 13. NeurotransplantationUs Latest Stab at Incurable Brain Disease http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~rd13/hd/neuro.html 14. New Treatment Strategies http://www.bcm.edu/neurol/struct/chasing/huntp8.html 15. The Striatal Project http://www.brc.cam.ac.uk/individuals/sbd/strgraft.htm 16. What is Parkinson's? http://neuro-boss e.mgh.harvard.edu/parkinsonsweb/Main/IntroPD/Intro.html 17. Youthful Parkinson's Handbook http://neuro-boss e.mgh.harvard.edu/parkinsonsweb/Main/YOPD_Handbook/CHAPTER_8.%20html Book: 18. Delcomyn, Fred. 1998. Establishments of Neurobiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, pg. 436-437 Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinson's and Huntin Two Diseases, One Hope: Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Huntington's Disease (HD) are neurodegenerative sicknesses that are brought about by breakdowns inside the engine segment of the sensory system. These glitches, which are caused either by the overflow (as in HD) or nonappearance (as in PD) of hormones, are an immediate aftereffect of neural cell disintegration inside the mind. PD and HD outline two totally different personal conduct standards that are along these lines brought about by two inverse and outrageous natural variations from the norm. However the ongoing idea between the two conditions is that there are major mechanical difficulties emerging between cell associations inside the cerebrum. In this way, it is the event of cell passing that capacities as a key connection between these two altogether different ailments. Also, it is a direct result of this shared trait, that the most questionable exploratory treatment for PD and HD, fetal transplant medical procedure, works as a potential remedy for both these sicknesses. (18). The reason for neurodegenerative illnesses, similar to PD and HD, is essentially an account of how unusual concoction connections bring about engine issues. As a rule, the cerebrum is the body's correspondence central station. It acquires a heap of data from different pieces of the tangible framework and procedures this data in a composed manner. It at that point transfers tangible contribution to various pieces of the engine framework. Such messages from the cerebrum direct explicit solid and standards of conduct. (18). In addition, there are two specific territories of the cerebrum that are explicitly identified with engine breakdowns: the substania nigra and the striatum (the caudate core and the putamen). The cells of the nigr... ...- lab.htm 11. Neural Transplantation for Huntington's Disease http://neuro-ww2.mgh.harvard.edu/hdsa/newresearch.nclk 12. Neurosurgical Horizons in the Treatment of Huntington's Disease http://www.lib.uchicago.edu//~rd13/hd/horizons.html 13. NeurotransplantationUs Latest Stab at Incurable Brain Disease http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~rd13/hd/neuro.html 14. New Treatment Strategies http://www.bcm.edu/neurol/struct/chasing/huntp8.html 15. The Striatal Project http://www.brc.cam.ac.uk/individuals/sbd/strgraft.htm 16. What is Parkinson's? http://neuro-boss e.mgh.harvard.edu/parkinsonsweb/Main/IntroPD/Intro.html 17. Youthful Parkinson's Handbook http://neuro-boss e.mgh.harvard.edu/parkinsonsweb/Main/YOPD_Handbook/CHAPTER_8.%20html Book: 18. Delcomyn, Fred. 1998. Establishments of Neurobiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, pg. 436-437

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Top Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Secrets You will present facts so it doesn't just sound like you're ranting about your side of the matter. Neither is a great thing, since they're searching for people that are open to receiving new information from professors and not only deciding they know everything already. The point is to compose a paper supporting the side that you opt for. All you write needs one key idea. The Fundamentals of Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Revealed Anyway, nowadays it is simple to locate a dependable essay writing company that will supply you with qualified guidance and can help you satisfy the deadlines. Therefore, proofreading is a crucial portion of the writing process which can help remove grammatical mistakes. To develop into a better writer, you've got to modify your thinking about editing. The revising procedure is essential to refine your work and make a masterpi ece. The New Angle On Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Just Released After the text is divided into lots of more or less short paragraphs, each representing a comprehensive idea, it's easier understood and is more inclined to be read attentively. Possessing a very good error-free sample before you, it's possible to avert the errors. When you are just too verbose, you're using more words than needed. It is quite a bit easier to seek out an example that's written in the required format and follow it. New Questions About Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes There are not any grammar mistakes. There are an assortment of words and phrases that are typically confused and misused in sentences. As an overall guideline, in case you have a slightest doubt about the significance of a word, use your dictionary. It is a fact that you're a coward. Naturally, it is also going to indicate a few changes in the tense and voice. Sometimes students often begin writing in the very firs t person and change to the third individual. Writing is a skill you may work on for the remainder of your life. At Ameritech, it is a part of all of our curricula, because it's such a critical part of life. For instance, if you decide on present tense, all of your sentences have to be in the present. Unfortunately, you cannot combine two complete sentences with only a comma. A run-on sentence takes place when you connect two principal clauses without a punctuation. The very first sentence is a subject speedy food. Changing between verb tenses within a sentence can make it hard for the reader to obey a bit of writing and ought to be avoided. Topic sentences go at the start of each paragraph in which you are just about to explore a new topic (not at the conclusion of the prior paragraph). If you can't locate the principal concept, you have to re-write the very first sentence of the paragraph. If you can't explain the major idea in 1 sentence, perhaps you don't have one. The Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Chronicles Keep in mind, no reader wishes to be lectured at. It is of the utmost importance to take note of your mistakes to be able to increase your general IELTS writing score. There's no student who'd say Academic writing is as simple as ABC. As an example, in India English is among the official languages. Even though some mistakes don't influence our students' capacity to communicate, we should always strive for greater accuracy. Some terrible topics show admissions officers w hich you don't have a fantastic awareness of judgment or maturity, which is a problem as they are building a category of college students who have in order to deal with independent life on campus. Academic writing, specifically, is an enormous challenge. Instead, search for certain errors that ESL students have a tendency to make. New Step by Step Roadmap for Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Unfortunately, stumbling in the TMI zone of essay topics is more prevalent than you believe. At times, even when you're writing about an interesting, relevant subject, it's still possible to appear immature or unready for college life due to the direction you present that topic the way you really write your own personal statement. Improve your vocabulary and you'll be in a position to express your ideas more clearly. The exact same ideas must be briefly summarized in conclusion. While writing a part of academic text, it's almost always a fantastic idea to use the third person narrativ e. The title is a significant portion of the essay. Comparison words desire a comparison. In case you have troubles with it, you may use a tool likeBest Essays. An introductory phrase stipulates some background info and is generally followed by a comma. 1 conjunction for two clauses One conjunction is sufficient to join two clauses we don't usually use two. Alternatively it's possible to split both clauses utilizing a full-stop. Students always have a great deal of troubles with the correct use of commas with the compound subject. The New Angle On Essay Samples by Esl Common Mistakes Just Released Contraction of words is a significant tool in all sorts of writing. Search for different guides with tips on the most critical things to do to take, which is likely to make your paper sound good and be accomplished professionally. Contractions Words are occasionally shortened especially as soon as the writer ways to create an emphasis on an idea.

Military Drug Abuse - 1474 Words

Substance use has been studied in great detail in military service members as well as military children. Acion, Ramirez, Jorge, and Ardnt (2013) conducted a study on the risk of substance use in military children when a parent was deployed. They looked at four main outcomes: â€Å"ever drink alcohol, past 30-day binge drinking, past 30-day marijuana or other illicit drug use, and prescription drug misuse† (p.1419-1420). The categories they used was a recently deployed parent, recently returned from deployment parent, and non-military parents. Their results indicated that there was higher substance use within the deployed parent group than the non-military group. Between the deployed and recently returned groups there wasn’t a significant†¦show more content†¦Overall, spousal smoking and drinking does exist, but the reason for how much is consumed varies per situation (Trone, 2017). This study did not examine any other substance use such as opioids, benzodi azepines, barbiturates, amphetamines, or any other illicit drug use. Relationship between substance use and family conflict Many studies that have been conducted show a correlation between family conflicts when one or more parent is using substances (alcohol or other drugs). Rothenberg et al. (2016) showed a correlation between reported marital dissatisfaction when a spouse was using alcohol. Kelley et al. (2016) found that children had increased worry and anxiety in regards to their father’s hostility when a parent was using substances and inter-parental conflict was present in the home. Kachadourian, Eiden, and Leonard (2009) researched how marital satisfaction and parenting roles were impacted by paternal alcoholism. 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Leadership Ethics Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi And...

Group Essay – Group 4, Team 9 1. Introduction Great leaders throughout human history have emerged from different eras but seem to be at the right place at the right time. Each of their stories has been studied, dissected and exemplified. We agree that there is no single formula for leadership, and it will be best understood from multiple perspectives (Shriberg and Shriberg, 2011). We also accept the fact that every leader leads differently. Our team has chosen three exemplary leaders of all time – Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi and Jack Welch. Each one of them has exhibited a great amount of leadership skills and up to this day are used as examples in our current globalised economics. Their leadership has shaped countries and their influence has stretched far outside their areas of interest. We also uphold the ethical leadership in our discussions as supported by this course. We will present the leadership ethics that guided these leaders, how their leadership evolved, elements of multi-cultural leadership and the theories and psychology behind their success as leaders. Afterwards, we will present a comparison and contrast of these leaders to come up with the most effective leadership style that may be applicable to our current systems. 2. Leaders 2.1 Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi was seen by many, but not all, as an ethical leader. He remains one of the most influential leader of the 20th century. After gradating from London, he practiced law in SouthShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Autocratic and Participative Leadership2547 Words   |  11 PagesThis report aims to describe a leadership style that enables and helps contain employee work activity. Boundaries set by leaders help them provide guidance and direction, motivate action and creativity, stimulate individuality and ideas, and protect and nurture a space for employees to perform in. Leadership prescriptions have gone through many phases. While the consultative leadership was considerate, it was soft, and too idealistic. Authoritarian and directive leadership on the other hand were strictRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesBusiness Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management

The Blue Hotel Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Blue Hotel Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Blue Hotel # 8221 ; The Story # 8220 ; The Blue Hotel # 8221 ; by Stephen Crane was one that inspires a batch of idea. This idea is about scenes, characters, and thoughts. The characters he creates are really different from each other, as shown in comparings to each other. The usage of symbolism in the narrative lets us conceive of why the hotel is painted bluish and we can inquire about the character of the Swede for long periods of clip. These elements combined have made this narrative really good. The scenes in the narrative are a really large focal point of Stephen Crane. He develops them really good and makes them really serve a intent in the narrative. The colour blue painted on the exterior of the hotel could typify its old age and the dark and drab ambiance environing it. The hotel seems to be a microcosm because it is the cardinal point for all of the narrative # 8217 ; s characters. We will write a custom essay sample on The Blue Hotel Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lone topographic point that they interact with each other is inside of the hotel and the chief points of the narrative go on at that place. All of the violent confrontations happen in the hotel or around its evidences. The chief battle between the Swede and Johnny is outside in the acrimonious cold in the street. The hotel could perchance alter the characters believing and do them to be truly eldritch. This is shown when Scully shows the Swede images of his dead household ( 269 ) . What individual in their # 8220 ; right # 8221 ; head would demo person who thinks they are traveling to be killed a image of person who was killed? These illustrations show how the scenes are more of import so the characters themselves. The characters are really odd in this narrative. It # 8217 ; s really difficult to believe of how such a group could hold been formed. The differences among the work forces are big. The cowpuncher is the rugged and baleful type, while the easterner is really unfastened and joyful. Johnnie is non like his pa, Scully. They seem to be foils of each other. The Swede is merely really alone and in a category by himself. He is a authoritative instance of a paranoid schizophrenic. Don’t believe me? How approximately when he says, â€Å"I’m crazy-yes, but I know one thingâ€Å" ( 267 ) . That one thing is he knows is that he will be killed shortly, really shortly. The job and/or inquiry of whether or non the Swede would hold been killed whether Johnnie had participated in that battle by his cheating or non, is easy to reply. The Swede had a decease want and wanted to decease. Some illustrations of this are when he takes a drink of the intoxicant offered to him by Scully ( 269 ) . If you thought you were in danger, would you imbibe anything specially offered to merely you? But the Swede merely laughed it off and gulped the drink right down. They did non all collaborate in the slaying of the Swede. I saw no grounds of this except that they didn # 8217 ; t assist him at all. They caused no injury to him in any manner except for the # 8220 ; card-fight # 8221 ; which was a customary thing to hold after being accused of rip offing. But that brings about an interesting point within itself. Make the Swede know that he would acquire into a battle after making such and perchance be killed? As the Cowboy said, # 8220 ; Kill him, Johnnie! Kill him! K ill him! Kill him! # 8221 ; ( 275 ) . The gambler at the terminal who really kills the Swede is provoked plenty to perpetrate the awful act. The Swede was non merely indiscriminately attacked by a knife exerting psycho. In decision, I would presume that the Swede would hold died no affair what the other folks did to him in the narrative. He was a whack occupation with a decease want and was really heady if he wasn # 8217 ; t. I can state for certain that I would non wish to see the Blue Hotel and run into some of the unusual clients that arrive there daily.

Breast is Best Essays - Breastfeeding, Anatomy, Health,

Breast is Best Milk Production I n order to produce milk, hormones are needed. The two main hormones are prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin is produced by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and released into the circulation. The regulation of prolactin levels in the plasma is controlled by the dopaminergic system. Prolactin acts on the human breast to produce milk. This occurs by binding to mammary epithelial cell receptors, which stimulates synthesis of mRNA of milk pro teins . It takes several minutes of the infant sucking at the breast to cause prolactin secretion. Prolactin is also important in inhibiting ovulation. Oxytocin is produced by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Suckling at the breast stimulates the neurohypophysis to produce and release oxytocin in an intermittent manner. Oxytocin acts on the breast to produce milk ejection or "milk let down." Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions. Opiates and B endorphins released during stress can block the release of oxy tocin . Newton showed that women who received a saline injection and were distracted during breastfeeding produced less milk than women who were not distracted or women who received an injection of Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) prior to d istraction and breastfeeding . Lack of release of oxytocin inhibits the "milk let down" and the milk cannot be removed fro m the breast . Other hormones necessary for the production of breast milk include: insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and human growth hormone. A recently described hormone, Fil (feedback inhibitor of lactation), seems to play an important role in regulation of milk supply. Fil acts locally within each breast. Fil is secreted into breast milk. When the breast is not emptied, Fil remains in contact with the alveolar cells. Fil appears to act on an apical receptor on the alveolar cell. This inhibits secretion of milk constituents. The complete mechanism is not yet understood, however this appears to be the mechanism of decreased milk production due to not emptying the breast. The advantages and disadvantages for breastfeeding : Advantages Readily available Affordable The baby acquires natural passive immunity because breast milk contains the mother's antibodies and other anti-infectious agents. Breastfeeding prevents menustration , which could be a method of natural birth control; however it is not fail safe. Helps the woman return to her pre-pregnancy weight, because lactation uses a lot of energy. It may reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It is thought to reduce rates of obesity, therefore it reduces the risk of Type-2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension. There is evidence that those who have been breastfeed achieve better in intelligence tests Disadvantages Risk of transmission of diseases like HIV and Hepatitis C from baby to mother. May not be economically viable because some women have to return to work, so they cannot breastfeed their child exclusively. Sometimes breastfeeding can become uncomfortable, with some mothers suffering from nipple pain. Breastfeeding in public is still taboo; so feeding "on demand" may not be socially acceptable. If a mother does not replenish the quantity of calcium phosphate in the milk, the body responds by enlarging the parathyroid glands which causes her bones to decalcify, making her more susceptible to fractures. WHO re commendations for breastfeeding Breastfeeding should begin within an hour after birth. Breastfeeding should be "on demand", day and night. Bottles or dummies should be avoided. Exclusive breastfeeding (only breast milk given-not even water consumed) should occur until the baby is 6 months. After 6 months complementary breastfeeding (breast milk and other foods) should occur until the age of 2. New mothers should have at least 16 weeks off work after birth, so that she can rest and breastfeed her baby. Alternatives to breast feeding : Infant formula Infant formula is not recommended because it does not contain antibodies; it can increase the risk of water-borne disease in areas that have unsafe water; can lead to malnutrition; is not always readily available and can be expensive. Breast pumps Used when: the mother is lactating too much; breastfeeding becomes uncomfortable; the mother is busy or if the mother will not be there to feed her baby. Donor milk banking (more common in United States and Canada) Normally used in circumstances when the

Jahind Davis Essays - Physics, Electromagnetism, Chemistry

Jahind Davis Essays - Physics, Electromagnetism, Chemistry Jahind Davis Joseph John Thomson was born in 1856 in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England. His mother, Emma Swindells, came from a local textile family. His father, Joseph James Thomson, ran an antiquarian bookshop founded by a great-grandfather. He had a brother two years younger than him, Frederick Vernon Thomson. His early education was in small private schools where he demonstrated great talent and interest in science. In 1870 he was admitted to Owens College at the unusually young age of 14. His parents planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to Sharp- Stewart & Co, a locomotive manufacturer, but these plans were cut short when his father died in 1873. He moved on to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1876. In 1880, he obtained his BA in mathematics (Second Wrangler and 2nd Smith's Prize) and MA (with Adams Prize) in 1883. In 1884 he became Cavendish Professor of Physics. One of his students was Ernest Rutherford, who later succeeded him in the post. In 1890 he married Rose Elisabeth Paget, daughter of Sir George Edward Paget, KCB, a physician and then Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge. They had one son, George Paget Thomson, and one daughter, Joan Paget Thomson. One of Thomson's greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher: seven of his research assistants and his son won Nobel Prizes in physics. His son won the Nobel Prize in 1937 for proving the wavelike properties of electrons. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was knighted in 1908 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1912. In 1914 he gave the Romanes Lecture in Oxford on "The atomic theory". In 1918 he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death. He died on 30 August 1940 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to Sir Isaac Newton. Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 12 June 1884 and was President of the Royal Society from 1915 to 1920. (1) J.J. Thomson's Atomic Model and Theory Thomson discovered the electron in the year 1897. His work put forward a new theory, that atom was made up of small particles.Thus he discovered the electrons. He proved his theory using the cathode ray tube. Scientists had already done many experiments to find the structure of the atom. They passed an electric current through a vacuum tube. They saw a light glowing inside the tube. It travelled in a straight line. They could not explain the phenomenon. Thomson did more experiments on the cathode tube. He placed two electric plates on its path. One was positively charged. The other was negatively charged. The glowing light bent towards the positively charged plate.and found that the glowing materials bent towards the positively charged plate. He found out that the glowing light were smaller particles. They were smaller than the atom. Thus Thomson found the particle called electron. Thus J.J.Thomson's atomic theory was found. Thomson suggested that the electrons came out ofthe trace gas that was inside the cathode tube. Thus a new theory that atoms were made of tiny particles surfaced. Thomson discovered the electrons and it was proved that atoms were made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. Thus Thomson proved that the atom was divisible. Since the atom was neutral, Thomson suggested that the negatively charged electron equalled the positively charged proton and neutrons had no charges.Thomson suggested to consider the atom as a sphere. It has positively charged particles. The positively charged particles is surrounded by the negatively charged electons. The electrons were placed there due to electrostatic forces. (2) What is a Cathode Ray Tube? Even without consciously realizing it, most of us are already aware of what a cathode ray tube is. Look at any glowing neon sign or any 'old-fashioned' television set, and you are looking at the modern descendants of the cathode ray tube. Physicists in the 19th century found out that if they constructed a glass tube with wires inserted in both ends, and pumped out as much of the air as

The United Nations mission in Cyprus was initiated by the global Essay

The United Nations mission in Cyprus was initiated by the global community - Essay Example UNFICYP was initially developed by the Security Council in 1964 to avoid further hostility between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot population1. After the conflicts of 1974, the Council commanded the Force to execute certain supplementary functions. Without a political agreement to the Cyprus problem, UNFICYP has stayed on the island to supervise armistice lines, preserve a buffer zone, embark on humanitarian activities as well as sustain the proper offices mission of the Secretary-General. Subsequent to the 1974 Greek Cypriot overthrow and the Turkish offensive of Cyprus, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) expanded and enlarged the mission to avert the dispute spinning into war, and UNFICYP was dispatched to patrol the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus and support in the maintenance of the armed status quo. Since its founding, the force has further worked in conjunction with the special envoy of the Secretary-General and diplomats of the two communities to inquire about an amicable discreet solution to the Cyprus row. Primarily, UNFICYP consisted of armed and civilian groups drawn from Finland, Sweden, Australia, Ireland, United Kingdom and Canada, though over its long history the force has been the theme of various UNSC declarations and restructurings, and currently encompasses contingents from Hungary, Croatia, Argentina, Peru, Italy, Australia, Slovakia, Montenegro, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, El Salvador Netherlands, India, Canada, Ireland, United King dom, and Ukraine. This paper evaluates the Cyprus problem from the perspective of the UN mission and its mandate on the island. At the heart of the discussion is the argument that the UN mission in Cyprus was initiated by the global community as a way of resolving the problem. In essence, the increasing hostility between the two warring communities - Greek and Turkish Cypriots- after independence in the 1960 was escalating, and the

Dq3.1-Terence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dq3.1-Terence - Essay Example Developing knowledge workers is a complicated and imperative focus field for any company that desires to perform well and remain knowledge driven. The essay presents a discussion of major milestones for developing successful and knowledgeable workers. A performing organization perceives knowledge leadership training as a crucial aspect of being a competitive knowledge enabled firm not only at the stage of leadership, but throughout the entire company (Yap & Webber, 2015). For instance, in Acquisition Solutions, the most important factor is to provide knowledge management chances. The company should identify and develop mentors, champions, and managers through recognition and creation of an evolving set of characters for identification of knowledge leaders. Another factor is to provide resources and support for knowledge workers. This occurs through a centrally accessible learning center. It is imperative to reward knowledge workers and measure efficiency of the workers. Rewarding knowledge workers function as a form of extrinsic motivation for them to remain productive in their respective sections. Knowledge management refers to the process of taking, dispensing, and efficiently utilizing knowledge (Lindner & Wald, 2011). In a broader sense, the field promotes an inclusive approach to identification, capture, assessment, retrieval, and dissemination of all the company’s information assets (Rasula, Bosilj & Indihar, 2012). Examples of knowledge management may include databases, documents, laws, processes, and initially un-captured skill and experience in particular employees. Knowledge management enhances competencies and innovation among employees (Lopez-Nicolas & Merono-Cerdan, 2011). Knowledge management encompasses lessons learned that tries to capture and unveil information operationally acquired. It also promotes organizational culture (Zheng, Yang & McLean, 2010). When implementing knowledge

School Library Essay Example for Free

School Library Essay Library can be define as a collection of books and other literacy materials kept for reading, research, study and consultation. A library is a collection of information, sources, resources and services, organized for used and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individuals. In the more traditional sense, the library means a collection of book. It supports the teaching, learning and research for the user who is comes to the library. The library has three types of library such as National Library, Academic Library, School Library, Special Library, Digital Library, Mobile Library and others. For each library have their function. The function of library such as to analyze, describe, preserve and make available for use it collection of material intended in subsection. The activities will involve in library such as purchase, give and exchange, donation and others. The activities that are produce in library will give the advantages for the user. Library also provides the several of collection such as encyclopedia, journal, book, magazine, and so on. The library are most important place that can be use to search the information. The library emphasizes instruction, reference services, on site and remote access to information in print and electronic formats, development of information literacy, and management of collections. The library provides resources and support for the Universitys major functions such teaching, research, scholarship, creative activity, and community service. 2. 0 MISSION The Library supports the academic programs through instruction, collections, technology and services which enable students and faculty to access recorded knowledge and information resources. This support empowers our constituencies to develop the information and technological competencies necessary to achieve their educational, research and professional goals; succeed in the workforce; apply lifelong learning skills and participate in a diverse society. 3. 0 VISSION To achieve a world class library status, catalyst to scholarship and excellence to the University’s teaching, learning and research attainable through physical and virtual means. 4. 0OBJECTIVE * 100% support the learning, teaching, researching and knowledge development programs. * Making the library well establish in services aspect, different of collection, latest technology and updated information. * To generate the workers to be skillful, responsible, commitment, motivated, ethics, proactive, brilliant, and well educated. * Building appropriate and comprehensive collection that are properly housed, controlled and effectively used. * Make library as a excellent information centre from services aspect, collection diversity, latest technology and information source and steady. * Create trained work force, having various skill, ethical high, proactive and team spirit through training, education continuously and increase in career. * Provide space for customer convenience, staff, and material and equipment placement. 5. 0FUNCTION * To build up as complete a collection of material emanating from or relating to country as appropriate. * To analyze, describe, preserve and make available for use its collection of the material intended in subsection. * To render bibliographic services and serve as the national bibliographic agency. * To serve as the national centre for the conservation and appreciation of its collection of the material intended in subsection. 6. 0ACTIVITIES * Purchase * Donation * Give and exchange 6. 1Purchase Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the enterprise. Though there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between organizations. A grip applied manually or mechanically to move something or prevent it from slipping. The library facilitates the acquisition of bibliographic materials for the official use of and retention of officers and staff of the MRB by purchase of information materials (book, journals and e-journals, articles, audio-visual materials, etc. ) for official purposes only. The library also facilitates interlibrary loan among local libraries for information materials not available in its collection. 6. 1. 1Book and Journal Purchase Send suggestions to the Chief Librarian, or submit â€Å"Requisition forms† which are available in the library. Please take note that book orders may take 3 – 4 months to fulfill (from time of order to processing). 6. 1. 2 Document Delivery (Article purchase) Document delivery and interlibrary borrowing services are available without charge to research officers. However, officers are requested to check the Library catalogue (OPAC) as to whether the information material required is already available (in the MRB Library) before sending in requests. Requests may be sent by email or the normal requisition forms. 6. 2Give and exchange Give and exchange service is provided by the library to various institutions within the country and abroad. At the moment exchange partners in the country have reached about 65 institutions including academic library, school library and government library. 6. 3 Donation Donations of funds are always welcome, and may range from a simple cash gift to various forms of planned or deferred giving such as endowments, annuities, and bequests. Donations of books, journals, and other materials broaden our collections, enable us to meet the demand for multiple copies of heavily used titles, and also help us replace lost or damaged copies. Your donation might include: * Books on any or all subjects * Manuscripts, letters, and diaries. * Music recordings and scores * Videos and films * Photographs * Maps * Subscriptions to electronic resources All donation offers receive serious consideration by the Library. Donations of material are accepted with the understanding that the University becomes the sole owner, and reserves the ultimate right to determine retention, location, level of cataloguing, access, and other considerations related to its use or disposition. 7. 0LEGISLATION Legislation means the act or process of making a law or laws. Legislation is important in the library to make sure the patrons follow the rules in the library. There is the legislation in the library such as: * Conduct prejudicial to the proper use of the library is forbidden. * Silence shall be observed in the public areas of the library. Hand phones and pagers should be switched to silent mode before entering the library. * Eating, drinking and smoking are strictly prohibited in the library. * Southern College identification cards are non-transferable. * Bags, briefcases, helmets, umbrellas etc. are not allowed in the library. It should be kept in the locker room. * Reservation of a seat is not permitted. * All users are required to be properly attired as specified by the college. The library reserves the right to ask users, who are not suitably dressed to leave library. * Final year students who fail to clear and fines or return materials borrowed from the library on completion of their courses will have their certificate suspended. * Staffs who have applied resigned will have their library privileges terminated, since 2 weeks before their last working day. If they fail to return materials borrowed from the library, their salary will be suspended. * The library bears no responsibility for any loss of personal belongings or properties on its premises. * All library materials must be kept clean. Making, defacing or multiplying library materials is an offence. * No littering in the library. * All users are encouraged to check their library record in Library Online regularly. * The library reserves the right to amend their rules from time to time. 8. 0COLLECTION The Library has a multilingual and multi-format collection that is related to the academic and research programs of AMDI. Materials in the collection are classified according to the Library of Congress Classification Scheme. Presently the collection is categorized as follows: 8. 1Open Shelf Collection. A large proportion of the books in the collection is on Medicine and its related fields. These books are classified according to the National Library of Medicine Classification System and books in other disciplines are classified according to LC. Books on the shelves are arranged according to the assigned Call Numbers. As of today, the collection consists of 7,000 copies and can be loan out by eligible patrons. 8. 2 Fiction Collection The Fiction Collection consists of light reading material and story books in BM and English. The books are arranged on special shelves according to the authors shorten name. The loan limit is 2 copies and duration is according to the loan privileges of the patron. 8. 3Reference Collection This collection consists of reference material such as bibliographies, directories, encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc. Materials in this collection are marked with a letter r in the call number. This collection is only for reference use within the library. 8. 4Brochures The collection consists of small books and brochures that are less than 50 pages. These materials are placed at the Loan Counter. Use of the material is limited within the library. 8. 5Serials. This collection consists of Current Journals, Bound Journals, Serials Monograph, Annual Reports and all other serials publications and magazines in electronic format (CDROM and online). The use of such materials is limited within the library except for Serials Monograph which can be loan out. Patrons are allowed to photocopy articles that are in this collection. However, photocopying of materials is subject to the Copyright Act 1987. a) Current Journal Collection Current Journal Collection consists of current subscribed publications that are arranged according to journal title. Current issues are displayed at the shelves and back issues are arranged and placed on top of the shelves. b)Bound Journals Back issues of journals with complete issues are bound and arranged on a separate shelf. The arrangement is in alphabetical order according to the journal title. As of today the Library has 1,520 journal titles (27,000 copies) comprising subscribed journals, serials monograph, annual reports and others. c) Electronic Journal Collection Some journal titles are in CD-ROM or via online. The collection consists of 1,200 full text titles. The materials in this collection can only be access within the Library. Printing or transferring of information to diskette is allowed. A minimum charge will imposed for this purpose. Certain titles can be access online. For further information, please contact the Document and Serials Publication Unit at extension 3469 or 3471. 8. 6 Control Access Collection The Controlled Access Collection is made up of materials that are heavily used. Theses, research reports, training collections, pictorial collections, examination questions, official publications and small size publications are placed in this collection. This collection can only be used within the Library. All materials are searchable through the online catalog by author, title or subject heading. 9. 0TYPES OF LIBRARY There are six types of library * National library * Academic library * Special library * School library * Digital library * Mobile Library 9. 1National Library A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in the same country. Some states which are not independent, but who wish to preserve their particular culture, have established a national library with all the attributes of such institutions, such as legal deposit. Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfil their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library. This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). 9. 2Academic Library An academic library is a library which serves an institution of higher learning, such as a college or university libraries in secondary and primary schools are called school libraries. These libraries serve two complementary purposes: to support the schools curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students. The support of teaching requires material for class readings, and for student papers. In the past, the material for class readings, intended to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has been called reserves. In the period before electronic resources became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Traditionally, one copy of a book was made available for each 10 students — this is practical for large classes only if paperback copies are available, and the books reused from term to term. Academic libraries must decide what focus they take in collecting materials since no single library can supply everything. When there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries these are often referred to as niche collections. These collections are often the basis of a special collection department and may include original papers, artwork, and artifacts written or created by a single author or about a specific subject. 9. 3Special Library A special library is a term for a library that is neither an academic nor school library, nor a public library. Special libraries may include law libraries, news libraries, government libraries, corporate libraries, museum libraries, and medical libraries. Special libraries are also sometimes known as information centers. Special libraries often have a more specific clientele than libraries in traditional educational or public settings, and deal with only a specialized or particular type of information. They are developed to support the mission of their sponsoring organization and their collections and services are more targeted and specific to the needs of their clientele. 9. 4School Library A school library or school libraries media center is library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public or school have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library media center is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access to books and reading, to information, and to information technology. A school library media center a use all types of media is automated, and utilizes the Internet as well as books for information gathering. School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as learner-oriented laboratories which support, extend, and individualize the schools curriculum. A school library serves as the center and coordinating agency for all material used in the school. 9. 5Digital Library A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats as opposed to print, microform, or other media and accessible by computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system. 9. 6Mobile Library A bookmobile or mobile library is a large vehicle designed for use as a library. They are designed to hold books on shelves so that when the vehicle is parked the books can be accessed by readers. They usually have sufficient space that people can also sit and read books inside them. Mobile libraries are often used to provide library services to villages and city suburbs without library buildings. They also service those who have difficulty accessing libraries, with retirement homes being common stops. They may also carry other information or computer equipment, such as might be found in a library. Some libraries also use their bookmobiles to deliver materials, such as audio books and large print novels, to homebound patrons who dont have anyone to go to the library for them. 10. 0PROFESSION * Chief Librarian * Library Director * Senior Librarian * Librarian * Cataloger * Indexer 10. 1Chief Librarian The Chief Librarian shall, on appointment, provide the staff member with a written position description which sets out the general responsibilities of the position held by the staff member. The Supervisor shall assign the specific duties of the staff member, bearing in mind the position description. The supervisor shall also determine, at least annually, performance expectations which shall be appended to the position description. The Chief Librarian may revise the staff members position description following consultation with the incumbent and, if requested by the incumbent, with the Association. The revision shall take into account the qualifications and experience of the incumbent. The Chief Librarian may transfer a staff member to a different position in the University Library and, if so, shall provide the staff member with the position description for the new position. Prior to such transfer, the Chief Librarian shall consult with the incumbent and, if requested by the incumbent, with the Association. 10. 2Library Director Plan and manage all aspects of library operations: budget, personnel, services, program planning, development and assessment, facilities and equipment. Implement university vision through long-range planning. Plan and implement new and enhanced user-services, including information literacy and remote access for populations at off-campus instructional locations. Create library policies in collaboration with library faculty members. Coordinate collection development and management of library collections Collaborate with Office of Information Technology on integration of emerging technologies and provision of electronic resources to the university community. Lead in an open and collaborative manner. Integrate the core values of respect, compassion, integrity, justice and service in all aspects of interaction. 10. 3Senior Librarian Under direction, to supervise and perform a full range of professional services in a major functional area within the library, and to do related work as required. Supervises children’s section of the library; selects books and other media for children and young adults; plans and presents programs, story hours, puppet shows and book talks; teaches children the use of library tools; advises parents on use of library facilities; establishes communication with teachers; reads book reviews and compiles bibliographies; gathers statistics and prepares report; reads relevant literature and reviews; supervises pages; attends and participates in professional meetings. Supervises cataloging of books and other library materials; does original cataloging as required; supervises book process; plans, supervises and reviews the work of cataloging clerk, book processor, and mender; works with other professionals in maintenance of collection and completeness of catalog; compiles monthly and yearly statistical reports; occasionally works at the reference desk; attends and participates in professional meetings; reads relevant literature. 10. 4Librarian. A librarian is an information professional trained in library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials for those with information needs. Typically, librarians work in a public or college library, an elementary or secondary school media center, a library within a business or company, or another information-provision agency like a hospital or law firm. Some librarians are independent entrepreneurs working as information specialists, catalogers, indexers and other professional, specialized capacities. Librarians may be categorized as a public, school, correctional, special, independent or academic librarian. 10. 5Cataloger The cataloger is responsible for original cataloging of monographs and other formats in Slavic and other European languages in all subjects. The Library is a member of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging, and descriptive cataloging is performed in accordance with national standards. Subject analysis and classification assignment follow Library of Congress standards and local practice. Authority records follow NACO standards and are contributed to the national authority file. The cataloger also investigates and participates in implementation of solutions for providing bibliographic control for all types of resources including electronic resources. In addition to cataloging traditional materials and in support of the Catalog Department’s endeavor to integrate bibliographical control for digital resources, the cataloger may participate in activities to implement non-MARC descriptive standards and contribute to the development of new metadata services for the Library’s growing collection of digital resources. The cataloger collaborates with other catalogers and Library staff to establish and maintain local policies and procedures for bibliographic and metadata services, projects, and other activities that affect the library’s integrated library system, search engines, and overall access to the collections. He/she keeps abreast of the current trends and best practices for bibliographic and metadata services in the field. The cataloger also serves on library committees, participates in library-wide programs and activities, and is expected to be active professionally. 10. 6Indexer Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, physics and computer science. An alternate name for the process in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet is Web indexing. Popular engines focus on the full-text indexing of online, natural language documents. Media types such as video and audio and graphics are also searchable. Meta search engines reuse the indices of other services and do not store a local index, whereas cache-based search engines permanently store the index along with the corpus. Unlike full-text indices, partial-text services restrict the depth indexed to reduce index size. Larger services typically perform indexing at a predetermined time interval due to the required time and processing costs, while agent based search engines index in real time. 11. 0CONCLUSION.

Privacy in work :: essays research papers

The Privacy of the individual is the most important right. It supports human dignity and other values such as freedom of association and freedom of speech. It has become one of the most important human rights of the modern age. Privacy is recognized around the world in various regions and cultures. Almost every country in the world includes a right of privacy in its constitution. Without privacy, the democratic system that we know would not exist. According to the Australian Privacy Charter â€Å"A free and democratic society requires respect for the autonomy of individuals, and limits on the power of both state and private organizations to intrude on that autonomy. The government we have today maintains and organizes our society. The elements of control are often viewed as violations of privacy. These elements are meant to protect us from irresponsible people and from hurting themselves. The laws that are in place still give privacy without invading personal lives or maybe they do invade in our lives? For some people violating into their personal life doesn’t mean anything but for other people it’s a huge problem. â€Å"Privacy is only violated when people feel they are being violated† â€Å"If people feel comfortable in their environment then privacy is not a worry† Privacy in the workplace is also becoming a problem. In American, more and more employers are monitoring their workers at job. In fact, according to the American Management Association, nearly tree quarters of U.S. companies now electronically monitor employees in several ways. Your employer can monitor your Internet usage, what sites you visit, how often, and for how long, as with e-mail. Telephone can also be a threat. If you are on the phone at work, your boss can listen in; your voice mail is also subject to monitoring. Employers own the phone system, so they can generally monitor it as they see well. Your boss can keep a record of the numbers you dial and how long you talk, and can listen to your voice mail messages, although there are some laws preventing companies from listening to employees personal calls. Furthermore Privacy can be divided into the following separate but related concepts: First of all we have the information Privacy or Data protection, which involves the establishment of rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as credit information, and medical and government records. The second one is the Bodily privacy, which concerns the protection of people's physical selves against invasive procedures such as genetic tests, drug testing and cavity searches.

Aspect Oriented Software Development

The implementation of software applications using GOAD techniques results in a better implementation structure which has an impact on many important software qualities such as enhanced risibility and reduced complexity. In turn, these software qualities lead to an improved software development lifestyle and, hence, to better software. This report introduces to management and software development staff to the concepts of aspect- orientation software development.It presents why aspect-orientation is needed in modern software development and what its contributions are to the improvement of software design and implementation structure. The report also highlight AAA technology details though without probing much in particular, as it present the various concepts of GOAD. After reading this introduction, the reader will understand what GOAD is about, know its key concepts and terminology engaged to elaborate 2. Introduction As software systems becomes more complex developers use new technol ogies to help manage development. The development of large and complex software applications is a challenging task. Apart from the enormous complexity of the software's desired functionality, software engineers are also faced with many other acquirement that are specific to the software development lifestyle. Requirements such as risibility, robustness, performance, believability, etc. Re requirements about the design and the implementation of the software itself, rather than about its functionality. Nevertheless, these non-functional requirements cannot be neglected because they contribute to the overall software quality, which is eventually perceived by the users of the software application. For example, a better believability will ensure that future maintenance tasks to the implementation can be carried out relatively easily and consequently also with fewer errors.Building software applications that adhere to all these functional and non-functional requirements is an ever more co mplex activity that requires appropriate programming languages and development paradigms to adequately address all these requirements throughout the entire software development lifestyle. To cope with this ever-growing complexity of software development, computer science has experienced a continuous evolution of development paradigms and programming languages. In the early days, software was directly implemented in machine-level assembly languages, leading to highly omelet implementations for even simple software applications.The introduction of the procedural and functional programming paradigms provided software engineers with abstraction mechanisms to improve the design and implementation structure of the software and reduce its overall complexity. An essential element of these paradigms is the ability to structure the software in separate but cooperating modules (e. G. Procedures, functions, etc. ). The intention is that each of these modules represents or implements a well-iden tified subpart of the software, which renders the individual modules better reusable and evolvable.Modern software development often takes place in the object-oriented programming paradigm that allows to further enhance the software's design and implementation structure through appropriate object-oriented modeling techniques and language features such as inheritance, delegation, encapsulation and polymorphism. Aspect-oriented programming languages and the entire aspect-orientation paradigm are a next step in this ever continuing evolution of programming languages and development paradigms to enhance software development and hence, improve overall software quality 3. 0Fundamental ideas underlying aspects and aspect-oriented software development The notion behind aspects is to deal with the issue of tangling and scattering. According to Ian Somerville (2009), tangling occurs when a module in a system includes code that implements different system requirements and scattering occurs whe n implementation of a single concern (logical requirement or set of requirements) is scattered across several components in a program. 3. 1 What an Aspect is. Aspect is an abstraction which implements a concern. Aspects are completely specification of where it should be executed.Unlike other abstractions like methods, you cannot tell by examining methods where it will be called from because there is clear separation between the definition and of the abstraction and its use. With Aspects, includes a statement that defines where the aspect will be woven into the program. This statement is known as a pinpoint. Below is an example of a pinpoint (Ian Somerville, 2006) before: call (public void update* (.. )) This implies that before the execution of many method whose starts with update, followed by any other sequence of characters, the code in the aspect after the induct definition should be executed.The wildcat (*) matches any string characters that are allowed in the identifiers. The c ode to be executed is known as the advice and is implementation of the cross-cutting concern. In an example below of an aspect authentication (let's say for every change of attributes in a payroll system requires authentication), the advice gets a password from person requesting the change and checks that it matches the password of currently logged -in user. If not user is logged out and update does not proceed. Aspect authentication before: call (public void update* (.. // this is a pinpoint { // this is the advice that should be executed when woven into // the executing system into tries = O; string swearword = Password. Get ( tries ) ; while (tries Pinpoint: defines specific program events with which advice should be associated (I. E. , woven into a program at appropriate Join points) Events may be method calls/ returns, accessing data, exceptions, etc. Weaving: incorporation of advice code into the program (via source code preprocessing, link-time weaving, or execution time weav ing) 4. 0 Why Separation of Concerns a good guiding principle for Software Development Separation of concerns is a key principle of software design and implementation. Concerns reflect the system requirements and the priorities of the system stakeholders.Some examples of concerns are performance, security, specific categorized in several types. Functional concerns, quality of service concerns, Policy concerns, System concerns and Organizational concerns. Functional: related to specific functionality to be included in a system. Quality of service: related to the nonfunctional behavior of a system (e. G. , performance, reliability, availability). System: related to attributes of the system as a whole (e. G. , maintainability, configurability). Organizational: related to organizational goals and priorities (e. G. , staying within budget, using existing software assets).In other areas concerns has been categorized according to different areas of interest or properties I. E. High level i mplies security and quality of service, Caching and buffering are Low level while Functional includes features, business rules and Non Functional (systematic) implies synchronization, transaction management. By reflecting the separation of concerns in a program, there is clear traceability from requirements to implementation. The principle of separation of concerns states that software should be organized so that each program element does one thing and one thing only.In this case it means each aerogram element should therefore be understandable without reference to other elements. Program abstractions (subroutines, procedures, objects, etc) support the separation of concerns. Core concerns relate to a system's primary purpose and are normally localized within separate procedures, objects, etc. And other concerns tend to scatter and cross multiple elements. These cross-cutting concerns are managed by aspect since they cannot be localized resulting in problems when changes are require d due to tangling and scattering.Separation of concerns provides modular dependency between aspects and components. For instance we would like to maintain a system that manages payroll and personnel functions in our organization, and there is a new requirement to create a log of all changes to an employee's data by management. It would mean that changes will include in payroll, number of deduction, raises, employee's personal data and sass of many other information associated with employee. This implies that there are several codes that will require changes.This process could be tedious and you might end up forgetting changing other codes as well even not understanding each and every code. With aspects you old deal with a particular element only. In this case there won't be redundancy of multiple codes doing the same thing. An update function could be implemented that would be called whenever you would want to implement a particular method. 5. 0 Aspect-oriented Approach 5. 1 Require ment Engineering In requirements engineering there is need to identify requirements for the core system and the requirements for the system extensions.Viewpoints are a way to separate the concerns of different stakeholders that are core and secondary concerns. Each viewpoint represents the requirements of related groups of stakeholder. The requirements are organized according to stakeholder viewpoint then they are analyses to discover related requirements that appear in all or most viewpoints. These represent the core functionality of the system. There could be other viewpoint requirements that are specific to that viewpoint these then can be implemented as extensions to the core functionality.These requirements (secondary functional requirements) often reflect the needs of that viewpoint and may not share there are non-functional requirements that are cross-cutting concerns. These generate requirements of to some or all viewpoint for instance requirements for security, performance and cost. 5. 2 Software Design Aspect Oriented Design is the process of designing a system that makes use of aspects to implement the cross-cutting concerns and extensions that are identified during the requirements engineering process.ADD focuses on the explicit representation of cross-cutting concerns using adequate design languages. ADD languages consist of some way to specify aspects, how aspects are to be composed and a set of well-defined composition semantics to describe the details of how aspects are to be integrated. (Chitchat, Awls Rashes, Pete Sawyer, Alexandra Garcia, Monica Pinto Larson, Jotter Beaker, Bedim Ticonderoga, Skibobs Clarke, Andrew Jackson, 2005) Like in object orientation, several aspect-oriented extensions to ML design language to represent aspect-oriented concepts at the design level.One of these ML extensions is ATOM. ADD in ML requires a means of modeling aspects using ML stereotypes. Is an approach of specifying the Join points where the aspect advice is to be composed with the core system. The high-level statement of requirements provides a basis for identifying some system extensions that may be implemented as aspects. Developing these in more details to identify further extensions and understanding the functionality required is to identify a set of use cases associated with each viewpoint. Each use case represents an aspect.Extension use cases naturally fit the core and extensions architectural model of system. Jacobsen and Eng (2004)) 5. 2. 1 Aspect-oriented Design Process Below is fugue 1 that illustrate the design activities of generic aspect-oriented design process Core system design is where you design the system architecture to support the core functionality of the system. Aspect identification and design Starting with the extensions identified in the system requirements, you should analyses these to see if they are aspects in themselves or if they should be broken down into several aspects.Composition design At this sta ge, you analyses the core system and aspect designs to discover where the aspects should be composed with the core system. Essentially, you are identifying the Joint points in a program at which aspects will be woven Conflict analysis and resolution Conflicts occur when there is a pinpoint clash with different aspects specifying that they should be composed at the same point in the aerogram Name design is the essential to avoid the problem of accidental pinpoints.These occur when, at some program Join point, the name accidentally matches that in a pinpoint pattern. The advice is therefore unintentionally applied at that point. 5. 3 Programming The goal of aspect-oriented programming is to provide an advance modularization scheme to separate the core functionality of software system from system-wide concerns that cut across the implementation of this core functionality. (Kim Mess and Tom Tour ©, 2007) APP must address both what the programmer can say and owe the computer system wil l realize the program in a program system.APP system: mechanisms are conceptually straight forward and have efficient implementations. 5. 3. 1 Joint Point Model A Join point model defines the kinds of Join points available and how they are accessed and used. They are specific to each aspect-oriented programming language for instance Aspects. In Aspects, Joint point are defined by grouping them into pinpoints. 5. 3. 2 Pinpoint A pinpoint is a predicate that matches Join points. A pinpoint is a relationship ‘Join point Boolean', where the domain of the relationship is all possible Join points. 3. 3 Advice 5. 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of APP APP promotes clear design and risibility by enforcing the principles of abstraction and separation of concerns. APP explicitly promotes separation of concerns, unlike earlier development paradigms. This separation of concerns provides cleaner assignment of responsibilities, higher modularization and easier system evolution, and should th us lead to software systems which are easier to maintain. The process is to collect scattered concerns into compact structure units, namely the aspects.On the other hand, APP cannot be elegantly applied to every possible situation. . 0 Validation and verification Validation and Verification is the process of demonstrating that a program meets the real needs of its stakeholders and meets its specification. Validation or testing is used to discover defects in the program or to demonstrate that the program meets its requirements. Statement verification techniques focus on manual or automated analysis of the source code. Like any other systems, aspects-oriented systems can be tested as black-boxes using the specification to derive the tests.However, program source code is problematic. Aspects also introduce additional testing (Ian Somerville (2006)) 6. 1 Testing problems with aspects To inspect a program in a conventional language effectively, you should be able to read it from right to left and top to bottom. Aspects make this as the program is a web rather than a sequential document. One can't tell from the source code where an aspect will be woven and executed. Flattening an aspect-oriented program for reading is practically impossible 6. Challenges with Aspect-oriented Systems One of the limitations of APP is that it is not supported by default on any programming platform. Although it seems to be gaining popularity, its implementation has been undertaken by third parties as extensions to development framework. This has resulted in some level of disparity on the features being implemented as some of the implementations only implement specific features making it difficult to use such frameworks in some situations in addition to creating some confusion over the feature.AAA programs can be â€Å"black-box tested† using requirements to design the tests, but program inspections and â€Å"white-box testing† can be problematic, since you can't always tel l from the source code alone where an aspect will be woven and executed. 7. 0 Recommendations Adopting Aspect Oriented Software development will reduce repetitions of coding or Component maintenance and reuse has a great impact to the company. On the part of cost, the company can determine whether it is easy to maintain its systems or not.Using other development paradigm can be cumbersome hence increasing tangling and scattering. System performance will also be affected in such a way that there could be more codes doing the same thing. GOAD concepts reduce redundancy and increase system performance. All functional and non-functional concerns are dealt with in GOAD. On implementation of security, Design flaws and code errors or bugs old be some of the causes of security flaws in software. Unlike SOD, GOAD approach made Software Development easy with the separation of concerns leading to modularization in reuse.